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Volkswagen Dasher

The Volkswagen Passat is a large family car built by Volkswagen Passenger Cars through six design generations since 1973. Slotting between the Volkswagen Golf / Volkswagen Jetta, and the Volkswagen Phaeton in the current Volkswagen line-up, the Passat and its derivatives have been badged variously as Dasher, Santana, Quantum, Magotan, Corsar and Carat.

Recently, Volkswagen extended its range with the launch of the Passat CC, a 4-door "coupé" version of the Passat.

Contents

History

The Passat falls in the middle of the sedan/saloon market segment, and was critical to Volkswagen on its introduction in 1973, as the sales of the aging Beetle were declining, and larger air-cooled rear-engined models like the Volkswagen Type 3 and 411 and 412 based on older technology were also failing to take hold in the market.[citation needed]

Following the Volkswagen Group's acquisition of Audi in 1964, Volkswagen used new engineering expertise to develop a modern front-wheel drive car with a water-cooled engine, and thus the Passat and Golf (the latter being introduced in 1974) were the first of a new generation of Volkswagen cars. The first Passat was developed partly from the Audi 80/Fox and, until 2005, the two shared a history.

During its development phase, the Passat was designated internally as Entwicklungs-Auftrag 400 (EA400 / Project 400), and well before its launch, production of the Volkswagen Type 3 at the Wolfsburg plant had been stopped in order to free up capacity for the new car.[1] Wolfsburg was able to ramp up production carefully: directly before Passat production started the lines were used to assemble small volumes of the car's Audi 80 sibling which had been launched a year earlier.[1]

The nameplate Passat derives from the German word for tradewind — and the period in its history when Volkswagen named vehicles after prominent winds, including also Jetta (after Jet stream), Bora (after Bora) and Scirocco (after Sirocco).

Passat Mk1 (B1, 1973•1981)

Volkswagen Passat Mk1 (B1)
Also called Volkswagen Dasher
Production 1973•1981 (1974•1988 in Brazil)
Assembly Emden, Germany Sao Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
Class Large family car / Mid-size car
Body style(s) 2-door saloon/sedan 3-door hatchback 4-door saloon/sedan 5-door hatchback 5-door estate/wagon
Layout Front engine, front-wheel drive
Platform Volkswagen Group B1
Engine(s) 1.3 L I4 1.5 L I4 1.6 L I4 1.5 L I4 diesel engine
Transmission(s) 4-speed manual[2]
Wheelbase 2,470 mm (97 in)[2]
Length 4,190 mm (165 in)[2]
Width 1,600 mm (63 in)[2]
Height 1,360 mm (54 in)[2]
Fuel capacity 46 L (10.1 imp gal; 12.2 US gal)[2]
Related Audi 80/Fox
Designer Giorgetto Giugiaro
Volkswagen Passat Mark I 5-door Variant

B1 in Europe

The original Volkswagen Passat was launched in 1973. The body types offered originally were 2- and 4-door sedans and similar looking three- and five-door versions. Externally all four shared a modern fastback style design, styled by the Italian designer Giorgetto Giugiaro. In essence, the first Passat was a fastback version of the mechanically identical Audi 80 sedan, introduced a year earlier. A five-door station wagon/estate was introduced in 1974. In Europe, the Passat was equipped with 2 rectangular, 2 round 7", or 4 round 5.5" headlights depending on specification.

The Passat was one of the most modern European family cars at the time, and was intended as a replacement for the aging Volkswagen Type 3 and Type 4. The Passat was Wheels magazine's Car of the Year for 1974 and its sister model Audi 80 was nominated car of the year by the European motor press a year earlier. The platform was named B1.

The Passat originally used the 4 cylinder OHC 1.3 l (55 PS (40 kW; 54 hp)) and 1.5 l (75 PS (55 kW; 74 hp)/85 PS (63 kW; 84 hp)) petrol engines also used in the Audi 80—longitudinally mounted with front-wheel drive, in Audi tradition, with either a 4-speed manual transmission or 3-speed automatic. It had a MacPherson strut front suspension with a solid axle/coil spring setup at the rear.

The SOHC 1.5 was enlarged to 1.6 l in August 1975 with unchanged power ratings and slightly higher torque ratings. In July 1978 the Passat Diesel became available, equipped with the VW Golf`s 1.5 l Diesel (50 PS (37 kW; 49 hp)), followed in February 1979 by the Passat GLI with a fuel-injected version of the 1.6 l engine.

The whole range received a facelift in 1977 (launched 1978 outside Europe), featuring an interior upgrade and subtly revised styling including repositioned indicators and depending on model, either 4 round or 2 rectangular headlights.[3]

B1 in North America

In North America, the car was called the Volkswagen Dasher. The three- and five-door hatchback and a station wagon model were launched in North America for and during the 1974 model year. Sole available engine was a carburetted 1.5 l inline-four developing 75 hp (56 kW) (or 70 hp (52 kW) in 1975), supplanted from model year 1976 by a Bosch fuel-injected 1.6 l four 78 hp (58 kW). North American cars were equipped with single DOT standard headlights.

In 1978 the Dasher received a facelift along the lines of the European Passat, with quad sealed beam headlights and big polyurethane covered bumpers. The trim was also upgraded and the ride softened. 1979 saw the introduction of the 1.5 l diesel engine, which produced just 48 PS (35 kW) in the 1130 kg (2500 lb) car. 0•100 km/h time for the Diesel was 19.4 seconds, 6.2 seconds slower than the gasoline (petrol) engine. All gasoline engines were dropped for North America in 1981 in preparation for the next generation.[4]

B1 in Brazil

Brazilian Passat 5-dr, note the Audi 80 headlights

In Brazil, the Passat B1 was produced from 1974 until 1988. Since the Audi 80 was not marketed in Brazil, there was no need to give the Passat a different front-end treatment. During its long life cycle many improvements from the B2 platform where introduced, like its 1.6 and 1.8-liter engines, a Brazil-specific face-lift in 1985, and a 5-speed gearbox. A sports version, named Passat TS 1.6 and later Passat GTS 1.8 Pointer saw some popularity with its comparably good performance, even in the cars twilight years. This generation was also extensively exported to Iraq, with 1.6 engine, 5-door and 4-speed gearbox. Many are still on the road there, especially as white and orange coloured taxis, but with air conditioning not powerful enough for the hot weather of Iraq. It was also assembled in Nigeria.

Passat Mk2 (B2, 1981•1988)

See also: Volkswagen Santana
Volkswagen Passat Mk2 (B2)
Pre-facelift Volkswagen Santana
Also called Volkswagen Quantum Volkswagen Santana Volkswagen Corsar Volkswagen Carat
Production 1981•1988 1984•2012 (in China) 1984•2006 (in Brazil)
Assembly Emden, Germany General Pacheco, Buenos Aires, Argentina São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil Puebla, Puebla, Mexico Shanghai, China Zama, Japan Uitenhage, South Africa
Class Mid-size car
Body style(s) 3-door hatchback, 2-door saloon/sedan (Latin American markets), 4-door saloon/sedan, 5-door hatchback, 5-door estate/wagon
Layout Front engine, front-wheel drive or four-wheel drive
Platform Volkswagen Group B2
Engine(s) Petrol engines: 1.3 L I4 1.5 L I4 1.6 L I4 1.7 L I4 (82-83 Quantum)[5] 1.8 L I4 2.0 L I4 1.9 L I5 2.0 L I5 Syncro 2.1 L I5 (83-84 Quantum)[5] 2.2 L I5 Diesel engines: 1.6 L D I4 1.6 L TD I4 1.8 L D I4
Transmission(s) 3-speed automatic, 4-speed manual, 5-speed manual
Wheelbase 2,550 mm (100.4 in)[6]
Length 3/5d: 4,435 mm (174.6 in)[6] Variant: 4,540 mm (178.7 in)[6] Santana: 4,545 mm (178.9 in)[6] 179.5 in (4559 mm) (GL)[citation needed] 180.7 in (4590 mm) (GL Syncro)[citation needed]
Width 1,685 mm (66.3 in)[6] Santana: 1,695 mm (66.7 in)[6] 67.2 in (1707 mm) (GL)[citation needed] 66.7 in (1694 mm) (GL Syncro)[citation needed] facelifted Santana: 1,710 mm (67.3 in)
Height 1,385 mm (54.5 in)[6] Santana: 1,400 mm (55.1 in)[6] 54.8 in (1392 mm) (GL) 58 in (1473 mm) (GL Syncro) facelifted Santana: 1,427 mm (56.2 in)
Fuel capacity 60 L (13.2 imp gal; 15.9 US gal)[6] 18.5 US gal (GL Syncro)
Related Ford Versailles Ford Royale Ford Galaxy
Facelifted Passat B2 5-door hatchback

The second generation Volkswagen Passat was launched in 1981. The platform, named B2, was slightly longer and the car's updated styling was instantly recognisable as a Passat, with the most obvious difference being the rectangular headlights.

In addition to the Passat hatchbacks and Variants (estate/wagon), there was also a conventional three-box saloon, which until the 1985 facelift was sold as the Volkswagen Santana in Europe. In North America, the Passat/Santana was sold as the Volkswagen Quantum, available in three-door hatchback, four-door sedan, and a wagon model, but the five-door hatchback was never sold there and the three-door hatchback was dropped after less than two years. The four-wheel drive Syncro version was introduced in October 1984, initially only with the more powerful 5-cylinder engine.

The Santana was also produced in China, Brazil, Mexico (as the Corsar, from 1984 and 1988) and Argentina (as the Carat between 1987 and 1991). In Brazil, the Santana station wagon was sold as the Quantum. The Passat saloon and estate were produced in South Africa for their local market until 1987.

Volkswagen Passat B2 Variant

In 1985 the range received a slight facelift, consisting of new, larger bumpers, interior retouches, a new front grille and new taillights on the hatchback versions. The 2-door hatchback was discontinued while the Santana nameplate was dropped in Europe. The saloon's front end was now the same as the hatchback and estate. The North American version, still known as the Quantum, gained European-style composite headlamps.

The model now competed in the large family car sector with the likes of the Austin Montego, Ford Sierra and Citroen BX and it was one of the largest models in its class. Due to Volkswagen's sub-premium marketing positioning, however, its pricing was closer to competitor models in the class above, such as the Ford Granada and Vauxhall Carlton/Opel Rekord.[citation needed]

Volkswagen Quantum Wagon (US)

Like the previous generation, the B2 Passat was mainly sold with 4-cylinder petrol and diesel engines. Unlike its predecessor, however, top-of the line versions received 5 cylinder Audi or VW engines of 1.9•2.2 litres.[5][7] In addition to four- and five-speed manuals and three-speed automatic gearboxes, the Passat/Santana was also available with the VW concern's interesting 4+E transmission. This, also called the "Formel E" had a particularly high top gear, which combined with a freewheeling mechanism to provide better gas mileage. An automatic stop/start was also available in some markets. The four-wheel drive system used in the Passat Variant Syncro shared the mechanics of the Audi 80 quattro and not the Volkswagen Golf Syncro. The Syncro's bottomplate was almost entirely different, requiring a transmission tunnel, a relocated gas tank and no spare tire well (to make room for the complex rear axle assembly). The expense involved meant that only the more popular estate was reengineered. Syncro was also available in the North American market, only with the 5 cylinder engine.

On March 31, 1988 production ended (although Syncro models continued in production until June) with 3,345,248 built in Germany. World production totals amount to at least 4.5 million units.

Popularity in the UK

In the United Kingdom, the Mark 2/Mark 3 Passat was competing with established British favourites such as the Austin/Rover Montego, Ford Sierra and Vauxhall Cavalier. It was unable to match the sales success of any of these cars, but was among the most popular imports alongside the likes of the Peugeot 405 and Fiat Croma.[citation needed] This was in spite of it being more expensive than most of its competitors, with prices being almost as high as that of larger cars like the Ford Granada and Vauxhall Carlton.[citation needed] Many buyers felt that the Passat was worth the slightly higher cost thanks to its class-leading build quality, reliability and space.[weasel words]

As of 2010, along with the MK3 Passat, some examples are still on British roads and tend to retail at higher prices than similarly-aged cars such as the Ford Sierra or the Vauxhall Cavalier.[citation needed]

Passat Mk3 (B3, 1988•1993)

Volkswagen Passat Mk3 (B3)
US-spec Passat saloon
Production 1988•1993
Assembly Emden, Germany
Class Large family car Mid-size car
Body style(s) 4-door saloon/sedan 5-door estate/wagon
Layout Front engine, front-wheel drive or four-wheel drive
Platform Volkswagen Group B3
Engine(s)

Petrol engines: 1.6 L I4 53 kW (72 PS; 71 bhp) 1.8 L I4 55 kW (75 PS; 74 bhp) 1.8 L I4 66 kW (90 PS; 89 bhp) 1.8 L I4 118 kW (160 PS; 158 bhp) G60 2.0 L I4 85 kW (116 PS; 114 bhp) 2.0 L I4 100 kW (136 PS; 134 bhp) 16v 2.8 L VR6 128 kW (174 PS; 172 bhp) Diesel engines: 1.6 L I4 59 kW (80 PS; 79 bhp) Turbo Diesel 1.9 L I4 50 kW (68 PS; 67 bhp)

1.9 L I4 55 kW (75 PS; 74 bhp) Turbo Diesel
Transmission(s) 4-speed automatic 5-speed manual
Wheelbase 2,625 mm (103.3 in) Syncro: 2,630 mm (103.5 in)
Length 4,575 mm (180.1 in)
Width 1,705 mm (67.1 in)
Height 1,430•1,500 mm (56.3•59.1 in)
Fuel capacity 70 l (15.4 imp gal; 18.5 US gal)
Europe-spec Passat Variant (estate/wagon)

The third generation Passat was introduced in 1988 in Europe, 1990 in North America, and 1995 in South America. Its curvy looks were a world away from the boxy appearance of its predecessor and owed much to the "jelly mould" style pioneered by Ford with the Sierra. The lack of a grille made the car's front end styling reminiscent of older, rear-engined Volkswagens such as the 411, and also doubled as a modern styling trend.

At the time it was the first Passat to be built on a Volkswagen-designed platform, rather than sharing one with an Audi saloon. The car, although designated B3 in Volkswagen's platform nomenclature, was based largely on the A platform as used for the smaller Golf model, but was stretched in all directions. In fact, many components are shared directly between these vehicles. Only 4-door saloon and 5-door estate versions were available, without the fastback option of previous models (though it was considered). It was marketed under the Passat name in all markets; in North America, this was a first.

The fuel injected petrol engines gave better performance and refinement than the carburettor units previously used. They were mounted transversely, and the floorpan was engineered to accept Volkswagen's 'Syncro' four-wheel drive system. Engine options were the 2.0 litre 16 valve engine in the GL model, 1.8 litre engine in the CL model (not available in North America, all CLs, GLs, and GLSs had the 2.0 16v), Volkswagen's new 2.8 litre VR6 engine (also used in the Golf and Corrado) in the GLX/GLS model (introduced in 1991 in Europe and 1992 in North America), and the G60 engine (only available on the Syncro model in Canada for the North American market). The VR6 engine gave the top-of-the-range Passat a top speed of 224 kilometres per hour (139 mph). The 1.9 litre diesel engine was also available as an option.

In Russia (where this generation of Passat was extremely popular in the second-hand market beginning in the early 1990s), it was affectionately known as "ski", because the grille-less front could be likened to an upside-down cross-country ski or toboggan. In Germany, the B3 is popularly referred to as "Nasenbär" (coati).

Passat Mk4 (B4, 1993•1997)

Volkswagen Passat Mk4 (B4)
Volkswagen Passat saloon
Production 1993•1997
Assembly Emden, Germany
Class Large family car / Mid-size car
Body style(s) 4-door saloon/sedan 5-door estate/wagon
Layout Front engine, front-wheel drive or four-wheel drive
Platform Volkswagen Group B4
Engine(s)

Petrol engines: 1.6 L I4 1.8 L I4 2.0 L I4 2.0 L I4 16v 2.8 L VR6 2.9 L VR6

Diesel engines: 1.9 L I4 TD 1.9 L I4 TDI
Transmission(s) 4-speed automatic 5-speed manual
Wheelbase 103.3 in (2624 mm)
Length 181.5 in (4610 mm) (saloon) 181 in (4597 mm) (estate)
Width 67.5 in (1715 mm)
Height 56.4 in (1433 mm) (saloon) 58.7 in (1491 mm) (estate)
Fuel capacity 70 L (15.4 imp gal; 18.5 US gal)

Just like the original Mk3 Passat, every external body panel on the Mk4 Passat was new, except for the carried-over windows. The most obvious exterior change was the re-introduction of a grille to match the style of the other same-generation Volkswagen models, such as the Mk3 Golf, whose styling theme did not follow on from the original Mk3 Passat. The interior design was also updated and improved safety equipment including dual front airbags and pyrotechnic seat belt pretensioner were added.

The car was available with a Turbocharged Direct Injection (TDI) diesel engine - an inline four-cylinder 1.9 litre turbodiesel, generating 210 newton metres (155 ft•lbf) of torque at 1,900 rpm, 66 kilowatts (90 PS; 89 bhp) at 3,750 rpm. It carried a U.S. EPA fuel efficiency rating for the sedan of 45 miles per US gallon (5.2 L/100 km; 54 mpg-imp) highway. Combined with a 70 litres (15.4 imp gal; 18.5 US gal) fuel tank, it had a 1300+ km (800+ mi) range on a single tank of fuel, nearly unheard of in the North American market. The TDI version is in high demand today, and commands a high resale price in the U.S. due to its fuel economy and ability to operate on locally produced biofuels. The B4 TDI wagon is even rarer, fewer than 1000 having been imported to the U.S. during its 1996 to 1997 lifespan.

B4 trim levels

Volkswagen Passat Variant

In Europe, L, CL, GL, GT and VR6 versions were available, although this could be combined, for instance it was possible to purchase a GL VR6. Only three trim levels were available in the United States: GLS, GLX and TDI. The GLX version carried Volkswagen's 2.8 litre VR6 engine. The GLS had a 2.0 litre 8-valve engine, while the TDI had the 1.9 TurboDiesel.

Canadian versions of the Passat were similar to their European counterparts, unlike models sold in the U.S., due to a trade agreement that Canada had with Europe at the time, which allowed any car federalized in one participating country to legally be sold in any of the others. However, Canada did not get the 1.8 litre 4-cylinder petrol version, nor the 1.6 litre TurboDiesel, both of which were on sale in Europe at the time.

Versions sold in Mexico had a choice of 2.0 litre 4-cylinder, or a 2.8 litre VR6 petrol. Trim levels were GL or GLX. These versions were more expensive than the Volkswagen cars built in Mexico, due to the import tariffs, and the fact the Passat was built in Germany.

B4 engines

The following internal combustion engines were available in the B4 Passat:

B4 Engines
name engine ID code(s) engine type displacement max. power max. torque years
Petrol engines
1.6 AEK I4 8v SOHC 1595 cc 74 kW (101 PS; 99 bhp) 135 N•m (100 lb•ft) 1994•1996
1.6 AFT / AKS I4 8v SOHC 1595 cc 74 kW (101 PS; 99 bhp) 140 N•m (100 lb•ft) 1995•1997
1.8 AAM / ANN I4 8v SOHC 1781 cc 55 kW (75 PS; 74 bhp) 140 N•m (100 lb•ft) 1993•1997
1.8 ABS / ACC / ADZ / ANP I4 8v SOHC 1781 cc 66 kW (90 PS; 89 bhp) 145 N•m (107 lb•ft) 1993•1997
2.0 2E / ADY / AGG / ABA I4 8v SOHC 1984 cc 85 kW (116 PS; 114 bhp) 166 N•m (122 lb•ft) 1993•1997
2.0 ABF I4 16v DOHC 1984 cc 110 kW (150 PS; 148 bhp) 180 N•m (130 lb•ft) 1993•1997
2.8 VR6 AAA VR6 12v DOHC 2792 cc 128 kW (174 PS; 172 bhp) 235 N•m (173 lb•ft) 1993•1996
2.9 VR6 ABV VR6 12v DOHC 2861 cc 140 kW (190 PS; 188 bhp) 245 N•m (181 lb•ft) 1994•1996
Diesel engines
1.9 TD AAZ I4 8v SOHC 1896 cc 55 kW (75 PS; 74 bhp) 150 N•m (110 lb•ft) 1993•1997
1.9 TDI 1Z / AHU I4 8v SOHC 1896 cc 66 kW (90 PS; 89 bhp) 202 N•m (149 lb•ft) 1993•1997
1.9 TDI AFN I4 8v SOHC 1896 cc 81 kW (110 PS; 109 bhp) 235 N•m (173 lb•ft) 1996•1997

Passat Mk5 (B5/B5.5, 1996•2005 SVW)

Volkswagen Passat Mk5 (B5)
Manufacturer Volkswagen Passenger Cars
Production 1996•2000
Assembly Emden & Mosel/Zwickau, Germany
Class Large family car / Mid-size car
Body style(s) 4-door saloon/sedan 5-door estate/wagon
Layout Front engine, front-wheel drive or four-wheel drive
Platform Volkswagen Group B5
Engine(s)

Petrol engines: 1.6 L I4 ADP/AHL/ARM 1.8 L I4 ADR/APT 20v 1.8 L I4 AEB/APU/ANB 20v Turbo 2.0 L I4 AUZ 2.3 L VR5 AGZ 2.8 L V6 ACK/APR 30v

Diesel engines: 1.9 L I4 AHU/AHH TDI 1.9 L I4 AVB TDI 1.9 L I4 AFN/AVG TDI 1.9 L I4 AJM/ATJ TDI 2.5 L V6 AFB TDI
Transmission(s) 5-speed manual 5-speed 5HP19 automatic
Wheelbase 106.4 in (2703mm)
Length 184.1 in (4676mm)(saloon) 183.8 in (4669mm)(estate)
Width 68.5 in (1740mm)
Height 57.4 in (1458mm)(saloon) 59 in (1499mm)(estate)
Kerb weight 1,406 kg (3,100 lb)
Related Audi A4
B5 Volkswagen Passat saloon

An all-new fifth-generation Passat, based on the Volkswagen Group B5 platform, was launched in 1996 in Europe, and 1998 in North America. It was significant in that it shared a platform with the Audi A4 (1995 onwards), using the classic longitudinally mounted engine with front-wheel drive. This design harked back to the first and second generation Passats, which were based on the Audi 80 (the A4 is the supersession of the Audi 80 line).

Styling-wise, the Passat introduced a new design language, first seen on the Concept 1 concept car, for the latest generation of Volkswagens, and this was evident with the Mk4 Golf, Bora and Polo Mk4. The curvy lines, heavily raked windscreens, and smooth underpinnings helped give the B5 Passat an very low coefficient of drag, rated at 0.27 (saloon model).

The car featured fully-independent four-link front suspension; and a semi-independent torsion beam for front-wheel-drive models or a fully-independent suspension on the 4motion 4WD models. 4WD was introduced in 1997 as an option for the 1.8, 2.8 V6, 1.9 TDI and 2.5 V6 TDI engines, using a second-generation Torsen T-2 based 4WD system to minimise loss of traction. The 1.8 litre petrol engine in the Passat and Audi A4 has a lower oil capacity than transverse applications of the same engine (4.6 quarts in transverse, 4.3 quarts longitudinal), and may suffer from oil sludge problems as a result, if not changed at regular intervals with fully synthetic oils. Two transmission options were available: a 5-speed manual transmission and a 5-speed automatic transmission with tiptronic.

B5 awards

B5 engines

The internal combustion engines used are the same as for many other vehicles in the Volkswagen Group.

B5 Engines
Short Descr Config/ Cyls Fuel Displacement Power (Max Output) Torque (Max Output) VW Engine Code Accel 0•100 km/h Top Speed Years Market
1.6 8v I4 petrol 1,595 cc (1.595 L; 97.3 cu in) 100 PS (74 kW; 99 hp) @5300 rpm 140 N•m (100 lb•ft) @3800 rpm ADP/ AHL/ ARM/ ANA 12.5 s 192 km/h (119 mph) 1996•2000 EU
1.8 20v I4 petrol 1,781 cc (1.781 L; 108.7 cu in) 125 PS (92 kW; 123 hp) @5800 rpm 168 N•m (124 lb•ft) @3500 rpm ADR/ APT/ AVV/ ARG 11.1 s 206 km/h (128 mph) 1996•2000 EU
1.8 20v T I4 petrol 1,781 cc (1.781 L; 108.7 cu in) 150 PS (110 kW; 150 hp) @5700 rpm 210 N•m (150 lb•ft) @1750•4600 rpm AEB/ APU/ ANB/ ATW/ AUG 8.9 s 223 km/h (139 mph) 1996•2000 EU/US
1.8 20v T I4 petrol 1,781 cc (1.781 L; 108.7 cu in) 170 PS (130 kW; 170 hp) @5900 rpm 225 N•m (166 lb•ft) @1950•5000 rpm AWM 8.0 s (est) 223 km/h (139 mph) 2000•2005 EU/US
2.0 8v I4 petrol 1,984 cc (1.984 L; 121.1 cu in) 120 PS (88 kW; 120 hp) @5600 rpm 175 N•m (129 lb•ft) @2600 rpm AUZ/ ASU/ AVA 11.1 s 203 km/h (126 mph) 1999•2000 EU
2.3 10v VR6 petrol 2,324 cc (2.324 L; 141.8 cu in) 150 PS (110 kW; 150 hp) @6000 rpm 205 N•m (151 lb•ft) @3200 rpm AGZ 8.9 s 223 km/h (139 mph) 1997•2000 EU
2.8 30v V6 petrol 2,771 cc (2.771 L; 169.1 cu in) 193 PS (142 kW; 190 hp) @6000 rpm 280 N•m (210 lb•ft) @3200 rpm ACK/ APR 7.7 s 238 km/h (148 mph) 1997•2000 EU/US
1.9 8v TDI I4 diesel 1,896 cc (1.896 L; 115.7 cu in) 90 PS (66 kW; 89 hp) @4000 rpm 210 N•m (150 lb•ft) @1900 rpm AHU/ AHH 13.5 s 184 km/h (114 mph) 1996•2000 EU
1.9 8v TDI I4 diesel 1,896 cc (1.896 L; 115.7 cu in) 100 PS (74 kW; 99 hp) @4000 rpm 250 N•m (180 lb•ft) @1900 rpm AVB 12.4 s 191 km/h (119 mph) 2000 EU
1.9 8v TDI I4 diesel 1,896 cc (1.896 L; 115.7 cu in) 110 PS (81 kW; 110 hp) @4150 rpm 235 N•m (173 lb•ft) @1900 rpm AFN/ AVG 11.5 s 196 km/h (122 mph) 1996•2000 EU
1.9 8v TDI I4 diesel 1,896 cc (1.896 L; 115.7 cu in) 115 PS (85 kW; 113 hp) @4000 rpm 285 N•m (210 lb•ft) @1900 rpm AJM 10.8 s 200 km/h (120 mph) 1998•2000 EU
1.9 8v TDI I4 diesel 1,896 cc (1.896 L; 115.7 cu in) 115 PS (85 kW; 113 hp) @4000 rpm 310 N•m (230 lb•ft) @1900 rpm ATJ 10.8 s 200 km/h (120 mph) 1998•2000 EU
2.5 24v TDI V6 diesel 2,496 cc (2.496 L; 152.3 cu in) 150 PS (110 kW; 150 hp) @4000 rpm 310 N•m (230 lb•ft) @1500•3200 rpm AFB/ AKN 9.4 s 220 km/h (140 mph) 1998•2000 EU

Mid-2001 facelift (B5.5)

Volkswagen Passat B5.5 (facelift)
Manufacturer Volkswagen Passenger Cars
Production 2001-2005
Assembly Emden & Mosel/Zwickau, Germany
Class Large family car / Mid-size car
Body style(s) 4-door saloon/sedan 5-door estate/wagon
Layout Front engine, front-wheel drive or four-wheel drive
Platform Volkswagen Group B5
Engine(s)

Petrol engines: 1.6 L I4 ALZ 1.8 L I4 AWT Turbo 2.0 L I4 AZM 2.0 L I4 ALT 20v 2.3 L VR5 AZX 20v 2.8 L V6 AMX 30v 4.0 L W8 BDN 32v

Diesel engines: 1.9 L I4 AVB TDI 1.9 L I4 AWX/AVF TDI 2.0 L I4 BGW TDI DPF 2.5 L V6 AKN TDI 2.5 L V6 BDG TDI 2.5 L V6 BDH/BAU TDI
Transmission(s) 5-speed manual 6-speed manual 5-speed 5HP19 tiptronic automatic
Wheelbase 106.4 in (2703 mm)
Length 185.2 in (4704 mm) (saloon) 184.3 in (4681 mm) (estate)
Width 68.7 in (1745 mm)
Height 57.5 in (1461 mm)-57.6 in (1463 mm) (saloon) 58.6 in (1488 mm)-58.9 in (1496 mm) (estate) 59.0 in (1499 mm) (VR6 estate)
Related Audi A4 Volkswagen Passat Lingyu Škoda Superb
2004 Volkswagen Passat Variant 2002•2004 Volkswagen Passat SE V6 sedan (Australia)

B5.5 Passat models built after mid-2001, also known as B5.5 models, received minor styling and mechanical revisions including revised projector-optic headlights, bumpers, tail lights, and chrome trim.

A 4.0 litre W8 engine producing 275 PS (202 kW) was introduced in 2002 in a luxury version of the car that included standard 4motion all-wheel drive.[8] This engine was intended to be a test bed for Volkswagen Group's new W engine technology, which would later make an appearance on the W12 in the Phaeton and Audi A8, and the W16 engine in the Bugatti Veyron. The engine was discontinued in 2004.

In 2004, a powerful 2.0 litre Turbocharged Direct Injection (TDI) diesel engine producing 136 PS (100 kW) was added (making the Passat the only mid-sized diesel powered car sold in the U.S.). This variant, sold from 2004•2005, is relatively rare on the U.S. used market, and examples in good condition command high resale prices for their fuel economy and ability to operate on increasingly inexpensive biofuels.

A lengthened platform went on to underpin the 'Passat' that was introduced in China in late 1999 by Shanghai-Volkswagen. This long-wheelbase version was rebadged and launched in Europe as the Škoda Superb in 2001. Both have a 100 millimetres (3.9 in) longer wheelbase and length than the standard B5 Passat. An updated version called the Passat Lingyu was released in 2005, which has the 2.0 litre, 1.8 litre Turbo, and 2.8 litre V6 petrol engines.

B5.5 trim levels

In the United Kingdom, trim levels were E, S, Sport, SE, V5 and V6. The E trim level had a 1.6 litre 105 PS (77 kW) engine only. The S trim level was considered well-equipped by the motoring press at the time, and What Car? magazine recommended the 1.8 S as the best version in 1999. SE models had the same engines as the S version, but were better equipped. The V5 models had a 2.3 V5 engine, the V6 was available with a 2.8 V6, or 180 PS (132 kW) 2.5 TDI, and was also well-equipped.

Models sold in Europe and the Republic of Ireland were similar apart from the trim level naming schemes; the trim levels were Volkswagen's "lifestyle" naming scheme, which were Comfortline, Trendline, and Highline. A base model was available too, this was spartan equipped and sold to the fleet market as well as private buyers.

Both versions of the Mk5 Passat were strong sellers in the UK, never quite a match for market leaders such as the Ford Mondeo and Vauxhall Vectra, but a strong competitor for the likes of the Peugeot 406 and Nissan Primera.[citation needed] At the time of its launch, it was arguably the best large car on sale in Britain in terms of build quality and "upmarket" feel, something that was noticeably absent from the likes of the Citroen Xantia and Peugeot 306 Sedan.[citation needed] By the time of the B5.5's demise however, many of its competitors had matched and even exceeded its standards.

Models sold in the U.S. had the 1.8 litre 20-valve turbo engine, 2.0 TDI, the 2.8 V6, or 4.0 W8; trim levels were GL (2003 onward), GLS, GLX, and W8 (2002 to 2004). The W8 was only available with the 4motion four-wheel-drive system and a slightly higher trim than the GLX models. The V6 engine had 4motion as an option, as did the 1.8 T starting in the 2004 model year. The GLX trim was only sold with the V6.

This version of the Passat was a mixed success in the UK. It sold reasonably well (though not as well as some earlier Passats)[citation needed] but several customer satisfaction surveys by high profile motoring magazines such as Top Gear gave the Passat a very low rating. Top Gear's 2005 survey rated the Passat as the third least satisfying large family car to own, with only the Fiat Marea and Rover 45 Saloon receiving a worse rating. It fell behind most of its crucial rivals, namely the Ford Mondeo, Vauxhall Vectra, Citroen C5 and Peugeot 406.

Versions sold in Mexico are the same as their European equivalents.

B5.5 engines

The internal combustion engines used are the same as for many other vehicles in the Volkswagen Group.

B5.5 engines
Short Descr Config/ Cyls Fuel Displacement Power (Max Output) Torque (Max Output) VW Engine Code Accel 0•100 km/h Top Speed Years
1.6 8v I4 petrol 1,595 cc (97.3 cu in) 102 PS (75 kW; 101 hp) @5600 rpm 148 N•m (109 lb•ft) @3800 rpm ALZ 12.7 s 192 km/h (119 mph) 2000•2005
1.8 20vT I4 petrol 1,781 cc (108.7 cu in) 170 PS (130 kW; 170 hp) @5700 rpm 210 N•m (150 lb•ft) @1750•4600 rpm AWT 8.2 s 221 km/h (137 mph) 2000•2005
2.0 8v I4 petrol 1,984 cc (121.1 cu in) 115 PS (85 kW; 113 hp) @5400 rpm 172 N•m (127 lb•ft) @3500 rpm AZM 11.2 s 200 km/h (120 mph) 2000•2005
2.0 20v I4 petrol 1,984 cc (121.1 cu in) 130 PS (96 kW; 130 hp) @5700 rpm 195 N•m (144 lb•ft) @3300 rpm ALT 9.9 s 210 km/h (130 mph) 2001•2005
2.3 20v VR5 petrol 2,324 cc (141.8 cu in) 170 PS (130 kW; 170 hp) @6200 rpm 225 N•m (166 lb•ft) @3200 rpm AZX 9.1 s 228 km/h (142 mph) 2000•2003
2.8 30v V6 petrol 2,771 cc (169.1 cu in) 193 PS (142 kW; 190 hp) @6000 rpm 280 N•m (210 lb•ft) @3200 rpm ATQ 7.8 s 238 km/h (148 mph) 2000•2005
4.0 32v W8 petrol 3,999 cc (244.0 cu in) 275 PS (202 kW; 271 hp) @6000 rpm 370 N•m (270 lb•ft) @2750 rpm BDN 6.5 s 250 km/h (160 mph) 2001•2004
1.9 8v TDI I4 diesel 1,896 cc (115.7 cu in) 100 PS (74 kW; 99 hp) @4000 rpm 250 N•m (180 lb•ft) @1900 rpm AVB 12.4 s 191 km/h (119 mph) 2000•2005
1.9 8v TDI I4 diesel 1,896 cc (115.7 cu in) 130 PS (96 kW; 130 hp) @4000 rpm 285 N•m (210 lb•ft) @1750•2500 rpm AWX 9.9 s 208 km/h (129 mph) 2000•2005
1.9 8v TDI I4 diesel 1,896 cc (115.7 cu in) 130 PS (96 kW; 130 hp) @4000 rpm 310 N•m (230 lb•ft) @1900 rpm AVF 9.9 s 208 km/h (129 mph) 2000•2005
2.0 8v TDI I4 diesel 1,968 cc (120.1 cu in) 136 PS (100 kW; 134 hp) @4000 rpm 335 N•m (247 lb•ft) @1900 rpm BGW 9.8 s 211 km/h (131 mph) 2003•2005
2.5 24v TDI V6 diesel 2,496 cc (152.3 cu in) 150 PS (110 kW; 150 hp) @4000 rpm 310 N•m (230 lb•ft) @1500•3200 rpm AKN 9.6 s 220 km/h (140 mph) 2000•2003
2.5 24v TDI V6 diesel 2,496 cc (152.3 cu in) 163 PS (120 kW; 161 hp) @4000 rpm 350 N•m (260 lb•ft) @1500 rpm BDG 9.1 s 225 km/h (140 mph) 2003•2005
2.5 24V TDI V6 diesel 2,496 cc (152.3 cu in) 180 PS (130 kW; 180 hp) @4000 rpm 370 N•m (270 lb•ft) @1500 rpm BDH/ BAU 8.7 s 226 km/h (140 mph) 2002•2005

B5.5 awards

Passat Mk6 (B6 PQ46, 2005•present)

Volkswagen Passat Mk6 (B6 PQ46)
Manufacturer Volkswagen Passenger Cars, FAW-Volkswagen (FAW-VW) as Magotan
Also called Volkswagen Magotan
Production 2005-present
Assembly Emden, Germany Mosel/Zwickau, Germany Aurangabad, India (CKD)
Class Large family car / Mid-size car
Body style(s) 4-door saloon/sedan 5-door estate/wagon 4-door coupé (Passat CC)
Layout Front engine, front-wheel drive or 4motion four-wheel drive
Platform Volkswagen Group A5 PQ46
Engine(s)

Petrol engines: 1.4 L I4 T FSI 1.6 L I4 1.6 L I4 FSI 1.8 L I4 TSI 2.0 L I4 FSI 2.0 L I4 TSI 3.2 L VR6 FSI 3.6 L VR6 FSI; Diesel engines: 1.9 L I4 TDI 2.0 L I4 TDI; CNG/petrol bivalent:

1.4 L I4 TSI EcoFuel CNG 122 PS (90 kW; 120 hp)(planned/unveiled 12/2007)
Transmission(s) 5-speed manual, 6-speed manual, 7-speed DSG automatic
Wheelbase 2,709 mm (106.65 in)
Length saloon: 4,765 mm (187.6 in), estate: 4,774 mm (188.0 in)
Width 1,820 mm (71.7 in)
Height saloon: 1,472 mm (58.0 in), estate: 1,517 mm (59.7 in)
Related Audi A3 SEAT Leon SEAT Toledo SEAT Altea Skoda Octavia VW Golf Mk5, VW Passat CC
Designer Robert Lešnik[9]
Volkswagen Passat 2.0 TDI estate (Australia)

The latest B6 Passat was first displayed at the Geneva Motor Show in March 2005, and launched in Europe in the summer of 2005. The Mk6 Passat (the PQ46 platform) is now based upon the platform from the Golf Mk5. Confusingly, this model is sometimes referred to as the "B6" (or "3C") Passat, despite its lack of commonality with the "B6" (Typ 8E) Audi A4. This has happened previously in the Passat's history, with the B3 and B4, which bore no relation to the same-named platforms from Audi.

Styling-wise, the car follows the latest design language first introduced on the Volkswagen Phaeton luxury car, and is something of a departure from the styling of the B5.5 Passat. Although the new design is somewhat controversial, sales have improved over the old model. On the four-wheel drive version, called 4motion, the transverse-engine platform dictated a switch from the Torsen centre differential of the B5, to the Haldex Traction multi-plate clutch. The change to the Haldex system also changes the handling closer to a front-wheel drive car, with better fuel economy claimed. The Haldex can direct torque more unequally to the front wheels (from 100:0 to 50:50 front-to-rear bias), compared to the Torsen, which was had a wider bias ranging from 75:25 to 25:75 in the B5 Passat. Haldex is a reactive type system, behaving as a front-wheel-drive vehicle until slippage is detected, at which point up to a maximum of 50% of the torque can be transmitted to the rear axle. See the Audi-related quattro (four wheel drive system) article for more information.

Fuel Stratified Injection is used in nearly every petrol engined version of the Passat, ranging from 1.6 to 3.2 litres (the 1.6 litre DOHC can reach 100 km/h (62.1 mph) in 11.5 seconds, and 200 km/h (124.3 mph) for manual transmission versions), but the multi-valve 2.0 litre Turbocharged Direct Injection (TDI) diesel is the most sought after version in Europe (available in both 140 PS (103 kW; 138 hp) and 170 PS (125 kW; 168 hp) variants). In the US market, it features a 200 PS (147 kW; 197 hp) 2.0 litre turbocharged I4 as the base engine, or a 280 PS (206 kW; 276 hp) 3.6 litre VR6 engine as the upgrade, with six-speed manual (only available on the base 2.0 T model) and automatic transmissions. As of the 2009 model year, the VR6 engine and 4motion option were no longer available on the Passat sedan and wagon, but are available on the Passat CC.[10]

In February 2008, the 2.0 FSI was replaced with the new Audi-developed 1.8 TSI engine and 6-speed automatic transmission. The 1.8 T is rated at 160 PS (118 kW; 158 hp), 250 newton metres (184 ft•lbf) and reaches 0•100 km/h in 8.6 seconds, reaching a top speed of 220 kilometres per hour (136.7 mph). This engine is part of the wider Volkswagen Group policy for engine sharing.

The Passat Estate won overall winner of Practical Caravans Towcar of the Year Awards 2008 for its array of towing features such as its Trailer Stability Programme.

In China, the PQ46 Passat was released by FAW-Volkswagen (FAW-VWVolkswagen Group China subsidiary FAW-Volkswagen (FAW-VW) as the Magotan, after Volkswagen's other joint venture in China, Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive(SVW) had decided to continue using the Mk5 platform for the Passat and the Passat Lingyu (LWB Mk5 Passat). [11]

In 2012, a 1.2 TSI engine will be available.

Passat R36

Passat R36 Variant at the 2008 Adelaide Motor Show

At the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2007, Volkswagen launched the 'R line' R36, created by Volkswagen Individual GmbH.

The R36 uses a 3.6 litre VR6 engine, retuned to produce 300 PS (221 kW; 296 bhp), and 350 newton metres (258 ft•lbf) of torque, which Volkswagen claim pushes the saloon and Variant (estate/wagon) to 100 km/h (62.1 mph) in 5.6 and 5.8 seconds respectively.

The R36 has many distinguishing features over the other Passat siblings, such as a redesigned front and rear spoilers, 18" Omanyt aluminium alloy wheels, 20 mm (0.8 in) lower suspension, 'R' engraved stainless steel pedals, 'R' imprinted sport leather seats, Bi-Xenon headlights, and twin rear muffler tailpipes.

In July 2008, Volkswagen launched the R36 version in the Middle East.[12]

Passat CC

Main article: Volkswagen Passat CC

The CC ("Comfort Coupé")[13] is a 4-door "coupé" version of the Passat. It debuted at the 2008 North American International Auto Show in Detroit. Originally aimed at competing with the similarly styled Mercedes CLS, the Passat CC intends to be more stylish and luxurious than the previously released Passat B6. In the U.S., the name "Passat" was dropped, and the car is being sold as "CC".[14] Some options specific to the CC include hands-free parking, lane-departure prevention, intelligent cruise control, and adaptive suspension. Engines offered in the CC mirror those of the regular Passat, with options of the base 2.0 liter turbocharged four-cylinder, or the optional 3.6 liter V-6, which includes 4-motion all wheel drive. Although the CC is marketed as a more luxurious Passat B6, it comes in with a lower price tag. While the MSRP of a Passat B6 is $28,300, the CC comes with a base price of $27,100.

In China, the car is produced as "CC" by FAW-VW.[11]

B6 engines

The following petrol engines are available:

B6 petrol engines
Short Descr VW Engine Code Engine Type Displacement Power (Max Output) Torque (Max Output) Years
1.4 TSI CAXA I4 DOHC 16V, Fuel Stratified Injection (FSI) and turbocharger 1390 cc 122 PS (90 kW; 120 hp) 200 N•m (150 lb•ft) 2007-
1.6 BSE; BSF I4 SOHC 8V, multipoint sequential fuel injection 1595 cc 102 PS (75 kW; 101 hp) 148 N•m (109 lb•ft) 2005-
1.6 FSI BLF; BLP I4 DOHC 16V, Fuel Stratified Injection 1598 cc 115 PS (85 kW; 113 hp) 155 N•m (114 lb•ft) 2005•2007
1.8 TSI BZB I4 DOHC 16V, Fuel Stratified Injection and turbocharger 1798 cc 160 PS (120 kW; 160 hp) 250 N•m (180 lb•ft) 2007-
2.0 FSI BLR; BVX; BVY I4 DOHC 16V, Fuel Stratified Injection 1984 cc 150 PS (110 kW; 150 hp) 200 N•m (150 lb•ft) 2005•2007
2.0 TFSI AXX; BWA; CAWB; BPY I4 DOHC 16V, Fuel Stratified Injection and turbocharger 1984 cc 200 PS (150 kW; 200 hp) 280 N•m (210 lb•ft) 2006-
2.0 TSI AXX; BWA; CAWB; CCTA I4 DOHC 16V, Fuel Stratified Injection and turbocharger 1984 cc 200 PS (150 kW; 200 hp) 280 N•m (210 lb•ft) 2008-
3.2 FSI AXZ VR6 DOHC 24V, Fuel Stratified Injection 3189 cc 250 PS (180 kW; 250 hp) 330 N•m (240 lb•ft) 2006-
3.6 FSI BWS; BLV VR6 DOHC 24V, Fuel Stratified Injection 3597 cc 300 PS (220 kW; 300 hp) 350 N•m (260 lb•ft) 2006-

The following diesel engines are available:

B6 diesel engines
Short Descr VW Engine Code Engine Type Displacement Power (Max Output) Torque (Max Output) Years Top speed
1.6 TDI 1598 cc 105 PS (77 kW; 104 hp) 250 N•m (180 lb•ft) 2009-
1.9 TDI BKC/BXE/BLS I4 SOHC 8V, Pumpe Düse (PD) injectors; optional diesel particulate filter (DPF) 1896 cc 105 PS (77 kW; 104 hp) 250 N•m (180 lb•ft) 2005-
2.0 TDI BKP I4 DOHC 16V, Pumpe Düse injectors 1968 cc 140 PS (100 kW; 140 hp) 320 N•m (240 lb•ft) 2005•2008
2.0 TDI DPF BMP I4 DOHC 16V, Pumpe Düse injectors, diesel particulate filter 1968 cc 140 PS (100 kW; 140 hp) 320 N•m (240 lb•ft) 2005•2008
2.0 TDI DPF CBAB I4 DOHC 16V, piezoelectric common rail injection, diesel particulate filter 1968 cc 140 PS (100 kW; 140 hp) 320 N•m (240 lb•ft) 2008-
2.0 TDI DPF BMR I4 DOHC 16V, piezoelectric Pumpe Düse injectors, diesel particulate filter 1968 cc 170 PS (130 kW; 170 hp) 350 N•m (260 lb•ft) 2006•2008
2.0 TDI DPF CBBB I4 DOHC 16V, piezoelectric common rail injection, diesel particulate filter 1968 cc 170 PS (130 kW; 170 hp) 350 N•m (260 lb•ft) 2008-

Alternative fuel engine

Since 2008 in continental Europe the following natural gas methane engine is also available:

Short Descr VW Engine Code Engine Type Displacement Power (Max Output) Torque (Max Output) Years
1.4 TSI ECOFUEL CAXA I4 DOHC 16V, Gasoline direct injection/Twincharger 1390 cc 150 PS (110 kW; 150 hp) 220 N•m (160 lb•ft) 2008-

References

  1. ^ a b "New Models from Volkswagen: A reversal of Wolfsburg's Design Policy". Autocar 138 (nbr 4019): 15. 7 June 1973.
  2. ^ a b c d e f W.S. (27 April 1974). "Test: VW Passat variant LS". Auto Motor u. Sport Heft 9 1974: Seite 73•78.
  3. ^ Werner Oswald: Deutsche Autos 1945-1990. Motorbuch Verlag, Stuttgart 2003 (2nd ed.), ISBN 3-613-02116-1, pp. 94-101
  4. ^ Mike Covello, Standard Catalog of Imported Cars 1946-2002. Krause Publications, Iola 2002, ISBN 0-67341-605-8, pp. 824-826
  5. ^ a b c James M. Flammang (1994). Standard Catalog of Imported Cars, 1946-1990. Iola, WI: Krause Publications, Inc.. pp. 639-642. ISBN 0-87341-158-7.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Auto Katalog 1983. Stuttgart: Vereinigte Motor-Verlage GmbH & Co. KG. 1982. pp. 206-207.
  7. ^ World Cars 1982. Pelham, NY: The Automobile Club of Italy/Herald Books. 1982. pp. 135-137. ISBN 0-910714-14-2.
  8. ^ "VW Passat W8 4motion". Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft. WorldCarFans.com. 22 April 2002. http://www.worldcarfans.com/102042211769/vw-passat-w8-4motion. Retrieved 30 December 2009.
  9. ^ Avto in | slovenska avtomobilistična spletna revija
  10. ^ "What's New for Every 2009 Volkswagen Car, Truck, Crossover and SUV". Edmunds.com. 2008-10-03. http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Features/articleId=132949/. Retrieved 2009-10-18.
  11. ^ a b "Volkswagen To Unveil China Created CC". The Truth About Cars. 2010-06-24. http://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/volkswagen-to-unveil-china-created-cc/. Retrieved 2010-07-03.
  12. ^ Trade Arabia: Passat R36 arrives in Mideast
  13. ^ Passat CC > Modelle > Volkswagen Deutschland
  14. ^ "Volkswagen CC Home". Vw.com. 2008-10-17. http://www.vw.com/cc/en/us/. Retrieved 2010-07-03.

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