Tlalpujahua
Tlalpujahua is a municipality located in the Mexican state of Michoacán (formally “Michoacán de Ocampo”). The name Tlalpujahua has its origins in the nahuatl words tlalli, which means "land" and Poxohuac, which means "sponge". The name of Tlalpujahua means "spongy land". Another name for this city is Xijumú Otomí. The people refers to its inhabitants as “The people that refused to die.” [1]
History
Tlalpujahua has its origins in the prehispanic culture. Its inhabitants were called “mazahuatls”. In 1460, the "tarascos" or purepechas inhabited this place; after them, the aztecas arrived to Tlalpujahua.
In 1522, Gaspar de Ávila decided that Tlalpujahua would become part of Tarimeo. Don Vasco de Quiroga decided it had to be part of Michoacán. In 1560, gold and silver mines were discovered. They were named Tlapujahua's Royal Mines. In 1575, Don Antonio de Morales governed Tlalpujahua. In 1593, Gaspar de Solís, mayor of Tlalpujahua, carried out the first reunion with natives and outlined the construction of houses in the new town. On July 4, 1603, the first industrial guild was constituted. It had 14 sugar production facilities. In 1765, Tlalpujahua, included the villages of San Miguel Tlacotepec, San Juan Tlalpujahuilla, Santa Maria, Our Lady of the Remedies and San Pedro Tarimangacho.
At the beginning of the 18th century, a fire destroyed part of Tlalpujahua and important buildings and documents were reduced to ashes. In 1820, Tlalpujahua and many of its mines were destroyed by the fighting during the Mexican war of independence against the Spaniards. In 1822, the first town hall was constituted. On December 10, 1831, Tlalpujahua was recognized as municipality.
On May 21, 1859, the city received the title of "Mineral of Rayon", in memory of the Lopez Rayón brothers, who were born in Tlalpujahua, and played a key role during the war for independence. In 1937, a flood destroyed the "Two Stars" mines and the principal neighborhoods of the village, killing 300 people. As a consequence, the economy deteriorated and people emigrated towards other cities or states.
Illustrious figures
- Ignacio López Rayón.- was secretary of don Miguel Hidalgo (1773-1832).
- Tomás R. Del Moral.- Engineer, was The Director of the Commission of Statistics and Geography of the State of Mexico (1791-1847)
- Cenobio Paniagua.- Musician and composer of michoacana music and the first writer of operas in Mexico (1821-1892)
- José María López Rayón.- Insurgent (1767 - )
- Francisco López Rayón.- Insurgent (1782-1815)
- Rafael López Rayón.- Insurgent ( - 1823
- Ramón López Rayón.- Insurgent (1775-1839)
- Elvira Vargas.- Writer and Journalist
- Luis Eduardo Jurado.- Painter
Chronology of historical facts
- 1558. The Spanish rediscover the mines that the indigenous people had exploited earlier and transform the life of the people and of the region.
- 1576. The mayor of the mines, Gaspar Solís, by orders of the Viceroy, carried out the first indigenous congregation and the first outline of the new city.
- 1600. Construction begins on two chapels, "Our Lady of Carmen" and "San Lorenzo." The temple and convent of San Francisco is founded.
- 1603. On July 4 the congregation of the royal mine of Tlalpujahua was established.
- 1733. Mining peaks in Tlalpujahua with the mines of Santa Ana and the Wreath.
- 1735. The mining deputation is established.
- 1750. Construction begins on a new parish church.
- 1769. Mining begins to decline.
- 1810. On October 24, Ignacio Lopez Rayón issued an important manifesto in favor of independence.
- 1812. The Rayón brothers are ensconced in El Gallo hill, turning it into a fortress for manufacturing guns, smelting cannons, and increasing the number of insurgent troops; a press is also established.
- 1813. On April 30, royal troops take Tlalpujahua and some days later force the Insurgents to leave El Gallo hill.
- 1814. In December the parish priest of Tlalpujahua, padre Juan Antonio Romero, is shot by firing squad for having joined the Insurgent movement.
- 1815. Francisco Rayón recovers Tlalpujahua for the insurgency.
- 1820. As a result of the War of Independence, all mining activity is abandoned.
- 1822. Tlalpujahua creates its first independence town council (ayuntamiento), which is not recognized by the national government until December 10, 1831.
- 1825. By authority granted by Don Mariano Michelena, representative of the Mexican Government, a group of English miners resume the exploitation of the mines in Tlalpujahua. Three years later the mines fail.
- 1859. Tlalpujahua is granted the title of Mineral de Rayon on May 21, in memory of the brothers Rayón.
- 1861. Tlalpujahua is made district capital; its district encompasses Angangueo, Contepec and Tlalpujahua.
- 1862. During the Reform War, the conservatives occupy the district seat of Tlalpujahua, which is later recovered by the liberal general Rafael Cuellar.
- 1874. The Michoacan legislature works to promote Tlalpujahua's mining development.
- 1899. The Dos Estrellas mines are exploited. The mining bonanza returns.
- 1909. On April 3, Porfirio Díaz visits Tlalpujahua to view the Dos Estrellas mines.
- 1920. General Francisco J. Múgica lives in Tlalpujahua.
- 1937. The Dos Estrellas mines are tragically destroyed in a mud slide that buries the Chapel of Our Lady of Carmen. [2]
Location
It is located to the northeast of the State, in the coordinates 19°48 ' of north latitude and 100°10 ' of length west, to a height of 2,580 meters on the level of the sea. It borders in the northern part on Contepec, in the eastern part and south on the State of Mexico and, in the western part on Senguio and Maravatío. His distance to the capital of the State is 156 km.
Extension
Its surface is 190.86 km ² and represents 0.32 per cent of the whole of the State.
Hydrography
Its hydrography is constituted by the river San Jose; for the Orange creeks and Ciénega; cold and thermal water; and for the preys Brockman and Estanzuela.
Climate
Its climate is moderated with rains in summer and moderated with rains all the year. It has an annual rainfall of 1,004 millimeters and temperatures from 6 to 23 °C.
Principal ecosystems
In the municipality, dominates the coniferous forest with pine, oyamel and junípero; and the mixed forest with pine, encino and cedar. His fauna conforms for cacomixtle, raccoon, weasel, armadillo, duck and teal.
Natural resources
The forest providing useful wood surface is occupied by pine and encino, the not providing useful wood one is occupied by bushes. The municipality possesses deposits of gold, silver and copper.
Characteristics and use of the soil
The soils of the municipality date back of the periods paleozoico and mesozoico, correspond principally to those of the type podzolico of mountain. His use is basically agricultural and forest and in minor proportion rancher.[3]
Ethnic groups
According to the General Census of Population and Housing 1990, in the municipality there inhabit 58 persons who speak some language aborigen, and of which 28 are men and 30 are women. Inside the principal languages aborigines can mention the Purépecha and the Purepecha.
Demographic evolution
In Tlalpujahua's municipality in 1990, the population was representing 0.6 per cent of the whole of the State. For 1995, it had a population of 18,376 inhabitants, his rate of growth is-2.8 per cent per year, the negative rate of growth owes to such factors as the emigration to the interior and exterior of the country principally, and the density of population belongs 96.28 inhabitants for kilometer square. The number of women is relatively bigger than the men. For the year of 1994, they have given themselves 979 births and 193 deaths, also this way the migration and immigration in the municipality has been considerable since it presents emigration towards other conditions in search of work.
Religion
The religion that prevails in the municipality is the Catholic followedin minor proportion by the Evangelical one. [4]
Education
In the municipality there exists nurseriesof initial education like: Pre-school, primary, secondary. For the average top level it relies with two places where they offer the Baccalaureate.
Health
The medical services demand of the population of the municipality, is attended by organisms public and deprived like: Clinics of Health assigned to the Secretariat of Health, the Peripheral Position of the ISSSTE, Clinic of the IMSS and the Particular Doctor's offices.
Supply
The municipality counts with a municipal market, tianguis once per week, trades with diverse commercial drafts, CONASUPO's shops and track.
Sport
In the municipality exists a sports unit with field of rapid football, fronton, basketball and volleyball. In addition there have a field of baseball and a Municipal Audience.
Housing
The municipality possesses approximately 4,038 housings, of which it predominates over the construction of adobe and tile, followed in minor proportion for that of partition, wood and other materials. (INEGI 1990)
Public Services
- Drinkable Water 80%
- Drainage 40%
- Electrification 60%
- Lit Public 60%
- Compilation of Garbage 70%
- Bought 50%
- Track 70%
- Pantheon 100%
- Public Security 90%
- Parks and Gardens 60%
- Public Buildings 50%
Mass media
Tlalpujahua possesses the following mass media: Newspaper, radio and television.
The mines were featured on MTV's Fear as the "Mina Dos Estrellas." The location is famous for being the only location that was featured on the show twice. Team 1 failed their paranormal investigation, citing that the spiritual energy it contained was far too dangerous, and half of Team 2 quit while the investigation was in progress.
Road links
Tlalpujahua communicates for the federal road 126 Morelia - Atlacomulco - Mexico, in turn it possesses state roads like Tlalpujahua-Venta de Bravo and Santa Maria of the Angeles-Angangueo. In addition, it has telephone, telegraph, mail and services of foreign buses.[5]
Agriculture
The agricultural activity is the second one in order of importance being his principal culturing: the corn and bean. It represents 10% of his economic activity.
Ranching
There it grows up: Bovine, porcine, sheep and birds meaning 10% of the economic activity of the municipality.
Industry
The municipality possesses an established industry being his principal economic activity. Tlalpujahua possesses Factories of Spheres, Packings of Carton, Pencil sharpener, Laminated Quarry and Clothes. It represents 29% of his economic activity.
Tourism
Tlalpujahua was named a "Pueblo Mágico" in 2005. It possesses several tourist sites which they stand out: The National Park " Brothers Lopez Rayón ", the Museum of Mineralogy and History, Exconventos and Chapels of the 16th century and the XVIIth.
Trade
The municipality possesses medium and small trades where the population acquires the articles of the first and second need.[6]
Historical monuments
The municipality possesses (relies on) several architectural monuments: the Monument to Ignacio Lopez Rayón, the Exconvento Santuario of the Virgin of Carmen of the 16th century, Tlalpujahua's Parish of the 17th century, the Chapels of San Miguel of the 17th century, San Pedro, San Juan Joaquín and Santa Maria of the Angels.
Museums
Tlalpujahua has the” Museum of Mineralogy and history” and “ The House of the Brothers Lopez Rayón”.
Holidays, dances and traditions
- July 16. Celebration in honor of the Virgin of Carmen
- August 8. Celebration in honor to the Virgin of San Juan
- November 13. Civic act in honor to the Brothers Lopez Rayón
Music
The music is of popular character.
Crafts
Christmas spheres and pottery are made manually.
Gastronomy
The typical food of the municipality is: the barbecue of hole, the head of beast to the oven and the soup of fungi.
Tourist Centers
In the municipality several tourist places are located in the National Park, the Museum of Mineralogy and History, the Exconvento of the Virgin of Carmen, churches and chapels of the 16th century and the XVIIth.[7]
Government
Municipal head-board: Tlalpujahua
Principal localities
- “San Francisco of The Kings”
His principal activity is the agriculture and industry. It is located to 14 km, of the municipal head-board and has 793 inhabitants
- “Tlacotepec”
His principal activities are the agriculture and the exploitationof the quarry. It is located to 4 km from the municipal head-board and has 375 inhabitants
- “Tlalpujahuilla”
His principal activities are the agriculture and forestry. It is located to 2.5 km from the municipal head-board and has 775 inhabitants
- “San Pedro Tarímbaro “
His principal activity is the agriculture. It is located to 13 km from the municipal head-board and has 290 inhabitants
- “The Remedies”
His principal activity is the agriculture. It is located to 31 km from the municipal head-board and gutter by 608 inhabitants
- “Santa María of the Angels”
His principal activities are the agriculture and the pottery. There are located 3 km from the municipal head-board and has 1198 inhabitants.
Chronology of the municipal presidents
- 1949 - Lino Rebollo
- 1950 - Moisés Bastida Gasca
- 1951 - Agustín Enríquez Santamaria.
- 1952 - Abad García
- 1951 - 1953 Simón García
- 1954 - 1956 Moisés Bastida Gasca
- 1957 - 1959 Luis Valenzuela Mora
- 1960 - 1962 Isaias Monroy Duarte
- 1963 - 1965 Otilio Carmona Esquivel
- 1966 - 1968 Ricardo García Bastida
- 1969 - 1971 Rodolfo Vargas Escamilla
- 1972 - 1974 Rogelio Mercado Martínez
- 1975 - 1977Joaquin Muñoz Orta
- 1978 - 1980 Filiberto Marin Jiménez
- 1981 - 1983 Gustavo Bernal Navarro
- 1984 - 1986 Otilio Carmona Esquivel
- 1987 - 1989 Rogelio Mercado Martínez
- 1990 - 1992 Moisés García Escutia
- 1993 - 1994 José Luis Muñoz Ruiz
- 1995 - Roberto Rangel Saavedra
- 1996 - 1998 Gabriel I. Rodríguez Hernández
- 1999 - 2001 Gabriel Colín Salazar
- 2002 - 2004 Manuel Colín[8]
References
- ^ "Municipios del estado de Michoacán". http://www.michoacan.gob.mx/municipios/94tlalpujahua.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
- ^ "Municipios del estado de Michoacán". http://www.michoacan.gob.mx/municipios/94historia.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
- ^ "Municipios del estado de Michoacán". http://www.michoacan.gob.mx/municipios/94medio_fisico.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
- ^ "Municipios del estado de Michoacán". http://www.michoacan.gob.mx/municipios/94sociodemografia.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
- ^ "Municipios del estado de Michoacán". http://www.michoacan.gob.mx/municipios/94infraestructura.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
- ^ "Municipios del estado de Michoacán". http://www.michoacan.gob.mx/municipios/94economia.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
- ^ "Municipios del estado de Michoacán". http://www.michoacan.gob.mx/municipios/94cultura.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
- ^ "Municipios del estado de Michoacán". http://www.michoacan.gob.mx/municipios/94gobierno.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
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Coordinates: 19°48′N 100°10′W / 19.8°N 100.167°W
Categories: Municipalities of Michoacán
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