Gillespie County, Texas
Gillespie County is a county located on the Edwards Plateau in the U.S. state of Texas. In 2000, its population was 20,814. It is located in the heart of the Texas Hill Country. Gillespie is named for Robert Addison Gillespie, who came to Texas in 1837. He was a Texas Ranger, an Indian fighter, a merchant and a soldier in the Mexican-American War. The seat of the county is Fredericksburg.
Coordinates: 30°19′N 98°57′W / 30.31°N 98.95°W
Contents |
History Timeline
- Early native Americans are Tonkawa, Comanche, Kiowa and Lipan Apache.
- 1519-1685 Hernando Cortez and Alonso Álvarez de Pineda claim Texas for Spain.
- 1821 Mexico claims its independence from Spain. Anglos from the north settle in Texas and claim Mexican citizenship.
- 1829, September 15 - Mexican President Vicente Ramon Guerrero, himself an ex-slave of Spanish, African and Native American descent, emancipates all slaves within the Republic of Mexico:[2][3]
1st - Slavery is abolished in the republic.
- 2nd - Consequently, those who have been until now considered slaves are free.
- 3rd - When the circumstances of the treasury may permit, the owners of the slaves will be indemnified in the mode that the laws may provide. And in order that every part of this decree may be fully complied with, let it be printed, published, and circulated.
- Given at the Federal Palace of Mexico, the 15th of September, 1829.
- Vicente Guerrero To José María Bocanegra
- 1836
- March 2 - Texas Declaration of Independence from Mexico establishes the Republic of Texas.
- March 6 - The Alamo falls.
- April 21•22 - Battle of San Jacinto, Antonio López de Santa Anna captured.
- May 14 - Santa Anna signs the Treaties of Velasco.
- April 21•22 - Battle of San Jacinto, Antonio López de Santa Anna captured.
- March 6 - The Alamo falls.
- 1842
- April 20 - Adelsverein [4] organized in Germany to promote emigration to Texas.
- 1844, June 26 - Henry Francis Fisher sells interest in land grant to Adelsverein
- 1845
- Prince Carl of Solms-Braunfels secures title to 1,265 acres of the Veramendi grant, including the Comal Springs and River, for the Adelsverein.
- February - Thousands of German immigrants are stranded at port of disembarkation Indianaola on Matagorda Bay. With no food or shelters, living in holes dug into the ground, an estimated 50% die from disease or starvation. The living begin to walk to their destinations hundreds of miles away.[6][7]
- Good Friday - 200 German colonists who walked from Indianola found the town of New Braunfels at the crossing of the San Antonio-Nacogdches Road on the Guadalupe River.[8]
- May - John O. Meusebach arrives in Galveston.[9]
- May 8 -The first wagon train of 120 settlers arrive from New Braunfels. Surveyor Hermann Wilke lays out the town. Meusebach names it Fredericksburg, in honor of Prince Frederick of Prussia.[10][11]
- December 20 - Henry Francis Fisher and Burchard Miller sell their rights in the land grant to Adelsverein.
- December 29 - Texas Annexation by the United States
- December 20 - Henry Francis Fisher and Burchard Miller sell their rights in the land grant to Adelsverein.
- May 8 -The first wagon train of 120 settlers arrive from New Braunfels. Surveyor Hermann Wilke lays out the town. Meusebach names it Fredericksburg, in honor of Prince Frederick of Prussia.[10][11]
- May - John O. Meusebach arrives in Galveston.[9]
- Good Friday - 200 German colonists who walked from Indianola found the town of New Braunfels at the crossing of the San Antonio-Nacogdches Road on the Guadalupe River.[8]
- February - Thousands of German immigrants are stranded at port of disembarkation Indianaola on Matagorda Bay. With no food or shelters, living in holes dug into the ground, an estimated 50% die from disease or starvation. The living begin to walk to their destinations hundreds of miles away.[6][7]
- 1847
- Meusebach•Comanche Treaty [12]
- December 15 - 150 settlers petition the Texas legislature to establish a new county, suggested names being "Pierdenales" or Germania.[13]
- The Vereins Kirche becomes the first public building in Fredericksburg. It serves as a non-denominational church, school, town hall and fort. Locals refer to it as “The Coffee Mill Church” for its shape.[14][15]
- Mormon leader Lyman Wight founds the community of Zodiac.
- The Vereins Kirche becomes the first public building in Fredericksburg. It serves as a non-denominational church, school, town hall and fort. Locals refer to it as “The Coffee Mill Church” for its shape.[14][15]
- December 15 - 150 settlers petition the Texas legislature to establish a new county, suggested names being "Pierdenales" or Germania.[13]
- 1848
- February 2 - Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo officially ends the Mexican-American War.
- February 23 - The legislature forms Gillespie County from Bexar and Travis counties. They name it after Tennessee transplant Capt. Robert Addison Gillespie,[16] a hero of the 1846 Battle of Monterrey in the Mexican-American War. Fredericksburg becomes the county seat.
- December 5 • Fort Martin Scott is established at Barons Creek on a Pedernales tributary.[17]
- February 23 - The legislature forms Gillespie County from Bexar and Travis counties. They name it after Tennessee transplant Capt. Robert Addison Gillespie,[16] a hero of the 1846 Battle of Monterrey in the Mexican-American War. Fredericksburg becomes the county seat.
- 1850, July 1 - An angry mob of soldiers burns down the store-courthouse destroying all County records. The melee apparently starts when County Clerk John M. Hunter, who also owns the store, refuses to sell whiskey to a soldier. Words are exchanged. Hunter stabs the soldier. 50 soldiers storm and burn the store, destroying all contents. Soldiers prevent townspeople from savimg the county records.[18]
- 1851 John O. Meusebach is elected to the Texas Senate to represent Bexar, Comal, and Medina counties.
- 1854
- John O. Meusebach receives an appointment as commissioner from Governor Elisha M. Pease [19] to issue land certificates to those immigrants of 1845 and 1846 who had been promised them by the Adelsverein.
- May 14•15, San Antonio - The Texas State Convention of Germans adopt a political, social and religious platform, including: 1) Equal pay for equal work; 2) Direct election of the President of the United States; 3) Abolition of capital punishment; 4) “Slavery is an evil, the abolition of which is a requirement of democratic principles..”; 5) Free schools • including universities - supported by the state, without religious influence; and 6) Total separation of church and state.[20]
- 1860 Bremen seaman Charles Henry Nimitz Sr.[21][22], grandfather of Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz, builds the Nimitz Hotel in Frederickburg. In 1870, he adds a steamboat shaped façade.[23]
- 1861
- Gillespie County votes 400 -17 against secession from the Union.
- February 1 - Texas secedes from the Union.
- March 2 - Texas joins the Confederate States of America.
- Unionists from Kerr, Gillespie, and Kendall counties participate in the formation of the Union League, a secret organization to support President Abraham Lincoln’s policies.[24]
- Surveyor Jacob Kuechler [25] is commissioned as a Captain by Sam Houston to enroll state militia troops in Gillespie County. Kuechler signs up only German Unionists in his frontier company, and is dismissed by Governor Francis R. Lubbock.
- Unionists from Kerr, Gillespie, and Kendall counties participate in the formation of the Union League, a secret organization to support President Abraham Lincoln’s policies.[24]
- March 2 - Texas joins the Confederate States of America.
- February 1 - Texas secedes from the Union.
- 1862
- March • 54 county men join the Confederate Army. Eventually 300 would enlist with the CSA to avoid conscription.
- The Union League forms companies to protect the frontier against Indians and their families against local Confederate forces. Conscientious objectors to the military draft are primarily among Tejanos and Germans .
- May 30 • Confederate authorities impose martial law on Central Texas.
- August 10 - Nueces massacre in Kinney County. Jacob Kuechler serves as a guide for 61 conscientious objectors attempting to flee to Mexico. Scottish born Confederate irregular James Duff [26] and his Duff’s Partisan Rangers pursue and overtake them at the Nueces River. 34 are killed, some executed after being taken prisoner. Jacob Kuechler survives the battle. The cruelty shocks the people of Gillespie County. 2,000 take to the hills to escape Duff's reign of terror.
- May 30 • Confederate authorities impose martial law on Central Texas.
- The Union League forms companies to protect the frontier against Indians and their families against local Confederate forces. Conscientious objectors to the military draft are primarily among Tejanos and Germans .
- 1863, January 1 • The Emancipation Proclamation.[29]
- 1865
- Gillespie county suffers a war-time crime wave, as 17 individuals are convicted of murder.[31]
- April 9 • Robert E. Lee formally surrenders to Ulysses S. Grant at the Appomattox Court House.
- April 15 • President Abraham Lincoln dies of a head wound inflicted by assassin John Wilkes Booth.
- June 19 • Major General Gordon Granger arrives in Galveston to enforce the emancipation of all slaves. It is the first time African Americans in Texas know of the Emancipation. The date becomes celebrated annually in Texas as Juneteenth, and later as an official state holiday known as Emancipation Day.[32]
- December 6 • The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits slavery.
- June 19 • Major General Gordon Granger arrives in Galveston to enforce the emancipation of all slaves. It is the first time African Americans in Texas know of the Emancipation. The date becomes celebrated annually in Texas as Juneteenth, and later as an official state holiday known as Emancipation Day.[32]
- April 15 • President Abraham Lincoln dies of a head wound inflicted by assassin John Wilkes Booth.
- April 9 • Robert E. Lee formally surrenders to Ulysses S. Grant at the Appomattox Court House.
- 1866
- August 10 - Treüe der Union ("Loyalty to the Union") monument in Comfort is dedicated to the Texans slain at the Nueces massacre. It is the only monument to the Union outside of the National Cemeteries on Confederate territory. It is one of only six such sites allowed to fly the United States flag at half-mast in perpetuity.[33][34]
- 1870
- March 30 - The United States Congress readmits Texas into the Union.
- May 16 - Herman Lehmann and brother Willie are captured by Apaches, but Willie escapes within days.
- 1874-75
- Andreas Lindig builds the county’s first lime kiln.[35]
- Hog theft overtakes murder as the most prevalent prosecuted crime during the Reconstruction years.
- 1878, May 12 - Herman Lehmann, escorted by soldiers, finally returns to his family.
- 1881 Gillespie County becomes the first county in Texas to hold a fair.
- 1882 Original Gillespie County Courthouse constructed. Later to become Pioneer Memorial Library.
- 1885, February 24 • Chester W. Nimitz, future Commander in Chief, United States Pacific Fleet, is born in Fredericksburg. His father Chester B. Nimitz dies before his birth, leaving his seaman grandfather as role model.[36]
- 1888 The Fredericksburg Standard begins publication.
- 1897, May 27 - John O. Meusebach dies at his farm at Loyal Valley in Mason County, is buried in the Marschall Meusebach Cemetery at Cherry Spring.[37]
- 1908 Future President of the United States Lyndon B. Johnson is born in a small farmhouse on the Pedernales River.
- 1913 Fredericksburg and Northern Railway is built into Gillespie County.
- 1917 State and federal funds assist highway development.
- 1922 The Fredericksburg Radio Post and Harper Herald begin publication.
- 1934 Gillespie County Historical Society is formed.
- 1938 Pedernales Electric Cooperative is formed to provide rural electrification [38].
- 1939 New brick Gillespie County Courthouse erected. Architect Edward Stein.
- 1947, March • County airport opens to the public.[39]
- 1948 County begins annual Easter Fire event to commemorate the Meusebach treaty signing.
- 1960’s Lyndon Johnson becomes Vice President of the United States and subsequently President of the United States. His ranch at Stonewall becomes known as the Texas Whitehouse. Tourism becomes an important industry.
- 1966, February 20 - Chester Nimitz dies in California and is laid to rest at the Golden Gate National Cemetery.[40]
- 1967, February 24 - Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz Memorial Naval Museum opens in the old Nimitz Hotel on Main Street in Fredericksburg.
- 1970 Hondo Crouch, Guich Koock and Kathy Morgan buy the town of Luckenbach and turn it into a world tourist draw.
- 1973, January 22 • Lyndon Johnson dies at his Stonewall ranch. He, and later Lady Bird Johnson, are laid to rest at the family cemetery on the ranch.
- 1976, May 8 - The Japanese Garden of Peace, a gift from the people of Japan, is dedicated on the 150th anniversary of the founding of Fredericksburg at the Nimitz Museum.[41]
- 1981, September 1 - The state legislature places the Nimitz Museum under Texas Parks and Wildlife Department as The National Museum of the Pacific War.
- 1984 The State of Texas opens Enchanted Rock State Natural Area after adding facilities. That same year it is also added to the National Register of Historic Places,
- 2008, August 27 - The Texas White House officially opens to the public.
- 2009 The George H. W. Bush Gallery opens at the Nimitz museum.[42][43]
Notable residents
President Lyndon Baines Johnson was born in Stonewall, in the eastern part of the county. The Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park, which includes much of the former president's LBJ Ranch, is located just outside of Stonewall.
Admiral Chester W. Nimitz was born in a house that still stands on Main Street in Fredericksburg. Nimitz, who grew up in Fredericksburg and in nearby Kerrville, graduated from the United States Naval Academy, rose to the rank of Fleet Admiral and commanded the Pacific War during World War II.
Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,061 square miles (2,749 km²), virtually all of which is land.
Adjacent counties
- Mason County - northwest
- Llano County - northeast
- Blanco County - east
- Kendall County - south
- Kerr County - southwest
- Kimble County - west
Major highways
- Interstate 10
- U.S. Highway 87
- U.S. Highway 290
- State Highway 16
- Farm to Market Road 783
National protected area
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there are 20,814 people in the county, organized into 8,521 households, and 6,083 families. The population density is 20 people per square mile (8/km²). There are 9,902 housing units at an average density of 9 per square mile (4/km²). The racial makeup of the county is 92.82% White, 0.33% Native American, 0.21% Black or African American, 0.18% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 5.27% from other races, and 1.18% from two or more races. 15.90% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. In 1990 there were approximately 3,000 speakers of Texas German in Gillespie and Kendall counties, but this is believed to have declined in the last two decades.[44]
There are 8,521 households out of which 25.90% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.10% are married couples living together, 7.00% have a female householder with no husband present, and 28.60% are non-families. 25.80% of all households are made up of individuals and 14.20% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.38 and the average family size is 2.84.
In the county, the population is spread out with 21.60% under the age of 18, 5.50% from 18 to 24, 21.20% from 25 to 44, 26.20% from 45 to 64, and 25.50% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 46 years. For every 100 females there are 89.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 88.10 males.
The median income for a household in the county is $38,109, and the median income for a family is $45,315. Males have a median income of $26,675 versus $20,918 for females. The per capita income for the county is $20,423. 10.20% of the population and 7.10% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 13.40% of those under the age of 18 and 9.90% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
Politics
| Year | Winner |
|---|---|
| 2008 | John McCain |
| 2004 | George W. Bush |
| 2000 | George W. Bush |
| 1996 | Bob Dole |
| 1992 | George Bush |
| 1988 | George Bush |
| 1984 | Ronald Reagan |
| 1980 | Ronald Reagan |
| 1976 | Gerald Ford |
| 1972 | Richard Nixon |
| 1968 | Richard Nixon |
| 1964 | Lyndon Johnson |
| 1960 | Richard Nixon |
| 1956 | Dwight Eisenhower |
| 1952 | Dwight Eisenhower |
| 1948 | Thomas E. Dewey |
| 1944 | Thomas E. Dewey |
| 1940 | Wendell Willkie |
| 1936 | Alf Landon |
| 1932 | Franklin D. Roosevelt |
| 1928 | Herbert Hoover |
Gillespie County is somewhat of an aberration in that it is a historically Republican county in a state that was overwhelmingly Democratic up until recent decades. This is largely due to the heavily German American heritage of the county (German Americans tended to be historically Republican-leaning). Gillespie County has been won by Republicans in every election since 1896 with only a handful of exceptions. Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive Party won the county in 1912 (but carried no other counties in the state). In 1924, it was one of only two Texas counties won by Progressive candidate Robert M. LaFollette.[45] Gillespie County only backed the Democratic nominee in 1932 and 1964, both of which were landslide victories for the party, and has yet to do so again. In the last five Presidential elections no Democratic candidate has received more than 21% of the county's vote.[46]
As part of Texas's 11th congressional district it is currently represented by Republican Mike Conaway. In the 26 yeas prior the 11th district had been represented by Democrats Marvin Leath and Chet Edwards. On a local level it is part of Texas Senate, District 24 and is represented by Republican Troy Fraser. It is also part of the 73rd district of the Texas House of Representatives and is represented by Republican Doug Miller who received the Taxpayer Advocate Award by Texans for Fiscal Responsibility and the Champion for Free Enterprise Award from the Texas Association of Business.
Cities and towns
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See also
References
- ^ The Six National Flags of Texas
- ^ The Magnificent Life of Vicente Ramon Guerrero
- ^ TAMU Chieftans of Mexican Independence
- ^ Handbook of Texas, Adelsverein
- ^ Texas Almanac, The German Settlements in Central Texas
- ^ Texas Escapes, Indianaola
- ^ Texas Escapes, Death March to Comal County
- ^ Texas Historical Markers, River Crossing by First Settlers
- ^ Handbook of Texas, John O. Meusebach
- ^ Handbook of Texas, Fredericksburg
- ^ Handbook of Texas, Gillespie County
- ^ Texas Historical Marker, Meusebach-Comanche Treaty
- ^ TexGenWeb, Signers of Petition to Create Gillespie County
- ^ Handbook of Texas, Vereins Kirche
- ^ Pioneer Museum, Vereins Kirche
- ^ Handbook of Texas, Robert Addison Gillespie
- ^ Handbook of Texas Fort Martin Scott
- ^ TexGenWeb 1850 Courthouse fire
- ^ Find A Grave, Elisha M. Pease
- ^ TSHA online, Texas State Convention of Germans
- ^ Handbook of Texas, Charles H Nimitz Sr
- ^ Der Stadt Friedhof, Nimitz
- ^ Texas Historical Marker, Nimitz Hotel
- ^ Handbook of Texas, The Union League
- ^ Handbook of Texas, Jacob Kuechler
- ^ Handbook of Texas, James Duff
- ^ TexGenWeb, Spring Creek Cemetery
- ^ Find A Grave
- ^ Government documents, Emancipation Proclamation
- ^ Texas Historical Marker, McDonald Massacre
- ^ TexGenWeb Fujitives from Justice
- ^ Cinnamon Hearts Juneteenth
- ^ Texas Escapes, Treüe der Union monument
- ^ TexGenWeb Treue Der Union Monument, with List of Names
- ^ Texas Historical Marker, Lindig Lime Kiln
- ^ Der Stadt Friedhof, Chester B. Nimitz
- ^ Find A Grave, John O. Meusebach
- ^ Handbook of Texas, Pedernales Electric Cooperative
- ^ AirNav, Gillespie County Airport
- ^ Find A Grave, Chester Nimitz
- ^ Handbook of Texas, Nimitz Museum
- ^ Nimitz Museum
- ^ Admiral Nimitz Foundation
- ^ The Death of Texas German in Gillespie County
- ^ [1]
- ^ The New York Times electoral map (Zoom in on Texas)
External links
- Gillespie County from the Handbook of Texas Online
| Mason County | Llano County | |||
| Kimble County | Blanco County | |||
| Gillespie County, Texas | ||||
| Kerr County | Kendall County |
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Categories: Texas counties | Gillespie County, Texas | German-American history | 1848 establishments pe="text/javascript">if (window.runOnloadHook) runOnloadHook();